Immunization during pregnancy is a simple and effective way to protect the mother and child from certain infections. The immunological changes occur during pregnancy which may be responsible for the susceptibility of certain infectious diseases that increases the risk of more serious outcomes. Vaccination of pregnant women can protect to mother against vaccine-preventable infections, and in so doing potentially protect the fetus. Immunization during pregnancy can also directly protect the fetus and infant via transferred of antibodies from the mother to the fetus. This is why vaccinations during pregnancy are so important.

Gynecological surgeries refer to surgical procedures performed on the female reproductive system by gynecologists. Here are some common gynecological surgeries:1. Hysterectomy: This surgical procedure involves the removal of the uterus. It may be performed for various reasons, such as the treatment of uterine fibroids, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine prolapse.2. Myomectomy: Myomectomy is the surgical removal of uterine fibroids while preserving the uterus. It is performed in cases where fertility preservation.3. Oophorectomy: Oophorectomy is the removal of one or both ovaries. It may be performed as a treatment for ovarian cysts, endometriosis, ovarian tumors.4. Tubal ligation: Also known as tubal sterilization, this procedure involves blocking or sealing the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy. It is a permanent method of contraception.5. Laparoscopic surgeries: Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique that uses small incisions and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted instrument) to visualize and access the pelvic organs. Common laparoscopic gynecological surgeries include:* Laparoscopic hysterectomy* Laparoscopic removal of ovarian cysts or tumors* Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis* Laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancies6. Hysteroscopy: Hysteroscopy involves the insertion of a thin, lighted instrument called a hysteroscope through the vagina and cervix to visualize and treat conditions within the uterus. Common hysteroscopic surgeries include:* Hysteroscopic removal of uterine polyps or fibroids* Hysteroscopic septum resection (removal of uterine septum)* Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation (treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding)* Hysteroscopic sterilization (placement of tubal occlusion devices)7. Pelvic reconstructive surgeries: These surgeries aim to repair or reconstruct the pelvic floor, vaginal walls, or supporting structures in cases of pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence.

Adolescent pregnancy, although on the decline, represents a significant public health concern. Often adolescents present late to prenatal care, either from lack of knowledge, fear of consequences, limited access, stigma, or all of the above. Although multifaceted, there are many risks both to mother and child that are increased in adolescent pregnancy. Many are unintended and are at risk for repeat adolescent pregnancy, especially within the first 2 years. Risks include but are not limited to: low birth weight, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and preeclampsia, as well as feelings of social isolation, delayed or neglected educational goals, and maternal depression.